Sample rate puts the Nyquist ceiling at approximately 6.7 kHz — everything above folds back as aliasing. Wavefold preamp before the crusher feeds a rectified waveform into the bit reduction, creating more complex aliasing patterns than a clean signal. Ladder bandpass focuses on the frequency range where the aliasing is most musical. Lo-Fi pitch adds a second voice using an early pitch-shifting algorithm that produces its own modulated lo-fi artifacts on top of the crushed signal.